The Four Pillars (ACEIs & ARBs, SGLT-2, MRAs, GLP-1) of Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD)
Comprehensive Approach to Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) Management: The Four Pillars Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a leading cause of...
OSCE Internal Medicine: Blood Transfusion Procedure
OSCE Guide: Blood Transfusion Procedure for Anemia in Lung Cancer (Hb 6 g/dL) 1. Identify and Verify Before Blood Transfusion...
OSCE Internal Medicine: Weakness Paraplegia Transverse Myelitis
Patient Case Chief Complaint (CC) : ชาและอ่อนแรงขาทั้งสองข้าง, อุจจาระปัสสาวะลำบาก 1. แสดงวิธีการตรวจร่างกาย Neuro เท่าที่จำเป็น...
OSCE Internal Medicine: Liver Function Test Guide for Cirrhosis due to Hepatitis B
โจทย์ (The Case) ชายอายุ 50 ปี มาตรวจสุขภาพประจำปี พบค่าการทำงานของตับผิดปกติ AST 130 U/L และ ALT 120 U/L สูงกว่าปกติเล็กน้อย ค่า ALP...
Approach to Proximal Muscle Weakness (PMW)
1. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders (NMJ) Key Characteristics : History : Patients often report fluctuating muscle weakness that worsens...
Urine Calcium and Renal Tubulopathies: A Comparison of Bartter Syndrome, Bartter-like Conditions, and Gitelman Syndrome
Introduction Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, and various Bartter-like conditions represent a spectrum of renal tubulopathies that...
The Differences Between Intrapulmonary and Extrapulmonary Lesions from CXR
The table of Intrapulmonary vs Extrapulmonary Lesions Comparison. Feature Intrapulmonary Lesion Extrapulmonary Lesion Angle (มุม) Acute...
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in HIV Management
Introduction Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) is a paradoxical clinical worsening of pre-existing infections or the...
Understanding the Use of Ambroxol and Brown Mixture in Respiratory Care
Ambroxol 1x3 po pc to thin the mucus and improve clearance. Brown mixture จิบ prn Introduction Respiratory conditions, such as...
Anthonisen Criteria to start Antibiotics in COPD with AE case
In the case of a COPD exacerbation, the decision to start antibiotics is based on clinical presentation and the likelihood of bacterial...
Management of Adrenal Insufficiency and Hypothyroidism: Preventing Adrenal Crisis in the Context of Levothyroxine Therapy
Introduction Patients with concomitant adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism present a significant clinical challenge. Treating these...
Amphotericin B and Itraconazole: Clinical Management, Indications, Side Effects
Amphotericin B Indications: Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal used for the treatment of severe, life-threatening systemic...
OSCE Station: Needle Thoracocentesis for Tension Pneumothorax
OSCE Station: Needle Thoracocentesis for Tension Pneumothorax Scenario: A 7-year-old child presents to the emergency department with...
Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and HLA Genetic Risk: Carbamazepine, Allopurinol
A table summarizing all the key HLA genes associated with Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), including their population risk and associated...
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Introduction Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as "tic douloureux," is a chronic condition characterized by episodes of intense...
Parkinson’s Disease
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by motor symptoms due to the...
Physical examination of Severe Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Stenosis, Aortic Stenosis, and Aortic Regurgitation
A Concise table summarizing the key physical examination findings for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) , mitral stenosis (MS) , aortic...
Dieulafoy Lesion: A Rare but Life-Threatening Cause of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Introduction Dieulafoy lesions, though rare, are a crucial cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding that demands immediate attention...
Secondary Hypertension: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Renovascular Disease, Primary Hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s Syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and Medication-Induced
A table summarizing the key points about Secondary Hypertension : Cause Mechanism Diagnostic Tests Management Chronic Kidney Disease...
Side Effects of Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Bactrim)
1. Bone Marrow Suppression (BM Suppression) How it happens: Trimethoprim interferes with the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid , a form...