For many years, the 10 Events-per-Variable (EPV)  rule was the default checkpoint for building clinical prediction models. The idea is...

1️⃣ What Is the Fontan Procedure? The Fontan procedure  is a palliative cardiac surgery  performed for children with single-ventricle congenital heart defects , where only one ventricle is capable of supporting systemic circulation. ➤ Purpose: To separate systemic and pulmonary circulation  in patients who cannot undergo a biventricular repair. ➤ Indications: Common congenital heart diseases requiring Fontan include: Tricuspid atresia Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) Do

🔹 Definition Orchitis  is an inflammation of the testicular parenchyma .It can occur as: Primary orchitis  (rare, often...

🔹 Definition Epididymitis is the inflammation of the epididymis , the coiled duct located posterior to the testis responsible for sperm...

Introduction The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)  curve is a cornerstone metric in both diagnostic and prognostic model...

Category Drug Dose & Route Frequency Duration Notes Topical steroid (first-line) Hydrocortisone 1% cream Thin layer over lesion bid 5–7...

Antifungal Regimens for Onychomycosis Drug Fingernails Toenails Notes Terbinafine 250 mg PO once daily × 6 weeks 250 mg PO once daily ×...

Literature Review – No strict system; risk of bias – It is informal, narrative, and selective – Purpose: to show what’s known, critique,...

Diagnosis (Lesion Characteristics) 🟢 Tinea corporis (ringworm of body) Annular (“ring-shaped”) lesion  with erythematous, scaly, raised...

1. Grading (Goligher’s Classification) Grade I : Bleeding, no prolapse. Grade II : Prolapse with defecation, reduces spontaneously. Grade...

✅ Setting OPD (Outpatient)  if lesion is small, pain tolerable, no complications. IPD (Inpatient)  only if severe pain, large thrombosis,...

Introduction Have you ever chatted with an AI and wondered how it works? One moment it's adopting a new personality, the next it's...

🔎 Introduction Zoon’s balanitis , also known as plasma cell balanitis , is a chronic, benign inflammatory condition of the glans penis,...

Introduction: Why Deduplication Matters Systematic reviews live or die by rigor—and that starts with your reference list. If duplicate...

GLM Family Y: Data Type Link Function / Model Effect Measure Gaussian Continuous (e.g., BP, cholesterol) Linear regression Mean...

Strategy Core Logic Maintains Randomization? Bias Profile Best Use Case Intention-to-Treat (ITT) Analyze everyone as randomized ,...

Introduction Immortal time bias  arises when a period of time during which an individual must survive  (i.e., cannot experience the...

🎯 WHY VALIDATION? When building a Clinical Prediction Model (CPM) , the biggest trap is overestimating its true performance . This...

Evaluating a prediction model requires more than assessing discrimination. Calibration and clinical usefulness determine whether a model...

Introduction Clinical prediction models (CPMs)—whether prognostic or diagnostic—must be rigorously appraised before implementation in...

🎯 Context: DEPTh Classification = Etiologic (Causal) Challenge Both designs ask: Does exposure X cause outcome Y? But their logic...

What Is Prognostic Research? Prognostic research aims to understand what is likely to happen  to a patient after diagnosis . Unlike...

Cross-Sectional Nature of Diagnostic Research Diagnostic accuracy research is cross-sectional by nature  — predictors (index test) and...