Sample Is Not Quite Simple: A Clinical Epidemiologist’s Guide to Meaningful Sample Size Estimation
🔍 Introduction: Why Sample Size Estimation Is Not a Plug-and-Play Process One of the most misunderstood elements of clinical research is...
Median Raphe Cyst: Types, Diagnosis & Treatment of Midline Genital Lesions in Males
Introduction Median raphe cysts are benign, congenital lesions that form anywhere along the midline raphe of the male genitalia — from...
Anthrax: A Comprehensive, Clinically-Oriented Review
Introduction Anthrax remains one of the most formidable zoonoses and potential biothreat agents because its spores are virtually...
Hazard Functions: Why Time-to-Event Beats Traditional Risk Measures
🚨 Why Hazard? The Limits of Traditional Risk Measures Most measures (Risk, Odds, Rate) ask: “Did the event happen?” But Time-to-Event...
Why Incidence Rates Matter: Measuring Disease Speed in Dynamic Populations
🎯 WHY Rates Matter: From Static Risk to Dynamic Disease Risk (cumulative incidence) tells you how many people get sick over a defined...
Odds vs Risk: Mastering the Odds Ratio for Clinical and Epidemiological Insights
🎯 What Are Odds ? The Core Idea Odds are the ratio of the chance something happens to the chance it doesn’t happen .It ’s not the...
Understanding Risk in Epidemiology: Cumulative Incidence, Ratios, and Differences Explained
🔍 What Is Risk in Epidemiology? 📌 Fundamental Definition Risk is a type of probability . It answers:👉 “Among those initially at...
How to Choose the Right Statistical Test: The “N-I-T” Framework for Clinical Epidemiologists
Navigating the world of statistical tests doesn't need to be overwhelming. The “N-I-T” method simplifies everything: 🧩 Step 1: Use the...
Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Error (SE), and Confidence Intervals (CI) in Clinical Research
Understanding variability , precision , and uncertainty is foundational to interpreting clinical data. These three concepts— SD, SE, and...
Understanding the P-value in Depth
✅ Basic Definition of the P-value 🔹 P-value คือ ค่าทางสถิติที่ใช้วัด “ความน่าจะเป็น” ที่จะได้ผลลัพธ์อย่างที่สังเกตเห็น...
Why "2SD > Mean" Suggests the Data Is Not Normally Distributed
📅 Introduction In statistical analysis, quickly identifying whether a dataset follows a normal distribution is crucial. One handy trick...
Tonsillitis Treatment Guide: Diagnosis, Antibiotics, and Red-Flag Signs to Know
1. What exactly is tonsillitis? Tonsillitis is inflammation of the palatine tonsils, almost always infectious in origin (viral more...
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Stick: Clinical Utility and Best Practices
Overview The Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG) Stick is a single-use, cotton-tipped applicator containing chlorhexidine gluconate in various...
Biostimulator Injections and the Risk of Blindness (2015–2025): A Clinical Review
Introduction Biostimulatory fillers, notably Calcium Hydroxylapatite (CaHA) and Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) , are used extensively in...
Toxic Foods for Pets: Complete Guide to Chocolate, Grapes, Xylitol, Onions & More in Veterinary Practice
Toxic Food Exposure in Small Animal Practice Toxic food ingestion is a common emergency in small‑animal practice, particularly in dogs...
รถยนต์มีกี่ประเภท? เข้าใจความต่างระหว่างเบนซิน ดีเซล ไฮบริด และไฟฟ้า | Types of Cars Explained: Gasoline, Diesel, Hybrid & EVs
1. บทนำ Introduction เวลาช่างถามว่า “รถเป็นเบนซินหรือเปล่า” เขากำลังตรวจสอบชนิดระบบจุดระเบิด เครื่องยนต์ และวิธีการซ่อมที่เหมาะสม When a...
Expanded Clinical Review – Ear and Post‑Auricular Pain When Bending Down
(Eustachian Tube Dysfunction • Otitis Media with Effusion • Acute Otitis Media • TMJ Dysfunction • Mastoiditis) 1. Why Positional Ear...
Ear‑Related Otalgia & Post‑Auricular Pain Clinical Guide For Eustachian Tube Dysfunction (ETD), Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), Acute Otitis Media (AOM), and Mastoiditis
(Eustachian Tube Dysfunction • Otitis Media with Effusion • Acute Otitis Media • TMJ Dysfunction • Mastoiditis) Purpose – A...
Parapneumonic Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis Based on current guidelines and literature, including ACCP and BTS recommendations
Introduction A parapneumonic pleural effusion is an exudative fluid collection in the pleural space associated with pneumonia or lung...
Optimizing Vasopressor Strategy in Shock: Why Adrenaline is Preferred Over Norepinephrine in Severe Metabolic Acidosis with ICU Management Framework
Why Adrenaline (Epinephrine) is Preferred Over Norepinephrine (Levophed) in Severe Metabolic Acidosis 1. Introduction Shock is a state of...
The Chemistry of Pillow Whitening: A Deep Dive into Household Cleaning Reactions
1) Step 1: Soaking the Pillow – The Chemistry in Action (A) Bleach Soak (For bleach-safe pillows) ENGLISH VERSION Key chemical : Sodium...
Understanding “ABC,” an Online Scam That Requires Caution ทำความรู้จัก “ABC” รูปแบบการโกงเงินออนไลน์ที่ควรระวัง
1. ภาพรวมของกลโกง ABC What is the ABC Scam? ภาษาไทย (Thai) ในยุคที่การซื้อขายออนไลน์เป็นที่นิยมและสะดวกสบาย มิจฉาชีพก็ใช้โอกาสนี้คิดค้นกล...
Post-Earthquake Dizziness Syndrome: Understanding, Coping, and Managing
Overview In the aftermath of a significant seismic event, such as the M7.7 earthquake on March 28 affecting Myanmar, Thailand, and...
How to Choose the Appropriate Face Mask for Patients Across All Ages and Situations
🎯 Objective To provide medical students and healthcare professionals with a systematic approach to selecting the correct type and size...