Introduction In clinical epidemiology, quantifying how often events occur, such as complications, readmissions, or adverse effects, is...

Introduction In clinical research, the concept of rate  underpins our ability to quantify the frequency of events, particularly in...

✨ Abstract In the design of clinical prediction models—especially those involving continuous predictors—understanding the interplay...

Outcome Type (Y) GLM Family Link Function Common X Type Effect Estimate Assumption About Normality in Y Continuous gaussian identity...

Caffeine, primarily consumed as coffee, is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world . While it offers transient...

Step 1 Identify the Dependent Variable Y Y (Outcome) Example Data Type Typical Scale / Notes Blood-loss volume (mL), Hb level (g/dL)...

📘 Parametric vs Non-Parametric: What's Realer ? In clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, selecting the appropriate statistical test...

🧠 The Hidden Weak Links That Power Science Ask yourself: “What’s something we all  do in clinical research—but never truly question?”...

🧪 What is Regression in Simple Terms? Regression  is a statistical method used to understand and quantify the relationship  between one...

Introduction When analyzing binary outcomes in clinical epidemiology—such as the presence or absence of a disease—choosing the...

Introduction In clinical epidemiology, the concept of risk  serves as a foundational pillar for evaluating disease frequency, identifying...

🔶 LR⁺ (Likelihood Ratio for a Positive Test) 📌 Definition The ratio of the probability of a positive test in someone with  the disease...

🎯 Purpose In clinical trials and observational studies, it's often necessary to compare change scores  (e.g., improvement in blood...

🎯 Purpose In clinical research and meta-analysis, it's common to have results from subgroups  (e.g., age strata, treatment arms,...

🎯 Purpose In meta-analyses, especially of clinical studies, researchers often encounter studies reporting medians, ranges, and quartiles...

Meta-analysis often requires mean and standard deviation (SD) , but studies frequently report incomplete data . This guide teaches how to...

🔍 Definitions Relative Difference (RD)  quantifies the proportional change  between two groups, typically relative to a baseline or...

✅ Short Answer: Yes, approximately —but only under strong assumptions , such as a symmetric or normal distribution . Several methods...

✅ Short Answer No, relative difference  (RD) is fundamentally based on means , ratios , or changes in mean values , and cannot be...

Introduction In clinical research, understanding how health outcomes are associated with predictors such as age, treatment, or biomarker...

Introduction This recap outlines the set of Stata commands employed in clinical regression workflows, particularly for anthropometric and...

Introduction Clinical research has evolved significantly, with increasingly complex datasets and nuanced research questions. Basic...

Introduction Rare diseases, despite affecting small patient populations, pose large-scale challenges for healthcare systems due to...

Introduction As healthcare decision-making increasingly relies on economic evidence, the ability to critically appraise economic...