Analyzing Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Values & Likelihood Ratios Explained
Introduction Diagnostic tests are only as useful as their demonstrated performance. Once data from a diagnostic accuracy study have been...
How Accurate Is That Test? A Beginner’s Guide to Diagnostic Accuracy Metrics
Introduction Imagine you’re a doctor trying to decide if a patient truly has a disease. You order a test, but how do you know whether the...
Understanding Diagnostic Accuracy Research: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Beyond
Introduction Diagnostic accuracy research forms the bedrock of evidence-based diagnostic practice. Its goal is to assess how effectively...
Snow Lotus Cream (บัวหิมะ) vs. Corticosteroid Creams in Urticaria and Dermatitis
Comparison Summary: Snow Lotus Cream vs. Corticosteroid Creams Feature Snow Lotus Cream Triamcinolone (Medium Potency) Betamethasone...
Systematic Review Automation: Elicit vs ASReview LAB
Systematic-review automation now comes in two very different flavours: Elicit’s Systematic Review workflow , a closed-source “AI research...
Deep Research Showdown: Elicit vs GPT-4o vs Gemini Studio AI
This is a Deep Research feature-only deep dive comparing Elicit Research Reports , GPT Deep Research (GPT-4o + o3) , and Gemini Studio...
Normality Test: Shapiro–Wilk, Lilliefors, SD vs. Mean Rule, Pearson r, and MAD
Comparison Table of Normality Assessment Methods 🔍 M1 – Shapiro–Wilk Test 📍 When to Use It (Indications) Small to moderate samples (n <...
Fixing Adobe Creative Cloud Error 191 on Windows 11 (2025)
If you're stuck with Error 191 during install or update of Adobe Creative Cloud Desktop, here’s how I solved it—tested on Windows 11...
รู้จักระบบไฟล์ exFAT, NTFS, EXT2, EXT3, EXT4: เลือกอย่างไรให้เหมาะกับการใช้งาน
ระบบไฟล์ (File System) คือหัวใจสำคัญของการจัดการข้อมูลในระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ เปรียบเสมือน "ระบบจัดชั้นเอกสาร" ที่ทำให้ระบบปฏิบัติการสามารถจัดร...
Defragment and Optimize Drives คืออะไร?
🔧 Defragment and Optimize Drives คืออะไร? Defragment and Optimize Drives คือยูทิลิตี้ (utility) ที่มีอยู่ในระบบปฏิบัติการ Windows...
GERD Explained: Pathophysiology, Drug Management, and Treatment Strategy
🧠 GERD: Pathophysiology and Clinical Insights Definition : GERD is a chronic condition where stomach contents, primarily acid, reflux...
Adrenal Insufficiency (AI) from Exogenous Steroids (Prednisolone): Diagnosis, Risk, and Tapering Guide
🔬 Pathophysiology Adrenal insufficiency (AI) occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient cortisol. In the case of...
Geometric Mean: When and Why It Matters in Clinical Research
Definition: The geometric mean is the nth root of the product of n values , used to summarize positive, skewed data . It is defined as:...
Polynomial vs. Multinomial Regression in Clinical Research
🔍 Polynomial vs. Multinomial Regression in Clinical Research 1. Polynomial Regression Purpose : Captures nonlinear trends in continuous...
Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Management Summary with Intradermal Preference (หมากัด แมวข่วน)
💉 Rabies PEP Management Summary with ID Preference Exposure Category Immune Status Vaccination History Management Vaccine Schedule RIG...
Choosing GEE Correlation aka. Repeated Measures: ind = Independence, exc = exchangeable, ar1 = Autoregressive Order 1, sta1 = Stationary m-dependent (m=1), uns = Unstructured
Marginal Model-Based Correlation Structures in GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) Marginal models (via GEE) assume correlated...
Multinomial vs Ordinal Logistic Regression [mlogit & ologit]: Choosing the Right Model for Categorical Outcomes
Introduction Categorical outcomes are ubiquitous in clinical, epidemiological, and social science research. When these outcomes span more...
Ordinal Logistic Regression: Modeling Ranked Outcomes with the Proportional Odds Framework
Introduction In clinical and epidemiological research, outcome variables are often more nuanced than binary distinctions of success or...
Polynomial logistic regression in Clinical Research: Modeling Multiple Unordered Outcomes
Then One predictor, one outcome. crude association Now, Multiple predictors, one outcome. adjusted association Introduction Multinomial...
How to Choose the Right Correlation-Corrected Statistic: Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback)
📊 Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback) Rank Model Description 🥇 1 Conditional Model — Multi-level — Random Effect...
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum): Diagnosis, Treatment, and STI Counseling
👤 Patient Case: A 23-year-old male presents with mucoid urethral discharge and mild dysuria for 4 days. He denies systemic symptoms....
Gonococcal Urethritis Case (Gonorrhea, หนองในแท้): Diagnosis and Outpatient Management
👤 Patient Scenario A 24-year-old male presents to the OPD with purulent urethral discharge and burning micturition for 2 days. He...
Choosing the Right Model for Correlated Data: A Step-by-Step Guide [Repeated Measures, Multilevel Modeling, Mixed Effects, GEE Model, Random Effects, Robust SE, Longitudinal Data, Clustered Data]
STEP 1: 🔍 Describe Your Data Structure Ask: Are measurements repeated over time on the same subject? Are observations nested in groups...