Normality Test: Shapiro–Wilk, Lilliefors, SD vs. Mean Rule, Pearson r, and MAD
Comparison Table of Normality Assessment Methods 🔍 M1 – Shapiro–Wilk Test 📍 When to Use It (Indications) Small to moderate samples (n <...
Fixing Adobe Creative Cloud Error 191 on Windows 11 (2025)
If you're stuck with Error 191 during install or update of Adobe Creative Cloud Desktop, here’s how I solved it—tested on Windows 11...
รู้จักระบบไฟล์ exFAT, NTFS, EXT2, EXT3, EXT4: เลือกอย่างไรให้เหมาะกับการใช้งาน
ระบบไฟล์ (File System) คือหัวใจสำคัญของการจัดการข้อมูลในระบบคอมพิวเตอร์ เปรียบเสมือน "ระบบจัดชั้นเอกสาร" ที่ทำให้ระบบปฏิบัติการสามารถจัดร...
Defragment and Optimize Drives คืออะไร?
🔧 Defragment and Optimize Drives คืออะไร? Defragment and Optimize Drives คือยูทิลิตี้ (utility) ที่มีอยู่ในระบบปฏิบัติการ Windows...
GERD Explained: Pathophysiology, Drug Management, and Treatment Strategy
🧠 GERD: Pathophysiology and Clinical Insights Definition : GERD is a chronic condition where stomach contents, primarily acid, reflux...
Adrenal Insufficiency (AI) from Exogenous Steroids (Prednisolone): Diagnosis, Risk, and Tapering Guide
🔬 Pathophysiology Adrenal insufficiency (AI) occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient cortisol. In the case of...
Geometric Mean: When and Why It Matters in Clinical Research
Definition: The geometric mean is the nth root of the product of n values , used to summarize positive, skewed data . It is defined as:...
Polynomial vs. Multinomial Regression in Clinical Research
🔍 Polynomial vs. Multinomial Regression in Clinical Research 1. Polynomial Regression Purpose : Captures nonlinear trends in continuous...
Rabies PEP Management Summary with ID Preference + Tetanus Immunization After Wounds (หมากัด แมวข่วน รถล้ม แผลถลอก)
💉 Rabies PEP Management Summary with ID Preference Exposure Category Immune Status Vaccination History Management Vaccine Schedule RIG Required? CAT 1 All Any ❌ No treatment needed – ❌ No CAT 2 Normal Vaccinated <6 months Booster ✅ Day 0 only (1 dose) • IM or ID 2-site ❌ No CAT 2 Normal Vaccinated >6 months Booster ✅ Day 0, 3 • IM or ID 2-site or ID 4-site Day 0 ❌ No CAT 2 Normal Never vaccinated Full vaccine ✅ ID 2-site Days 0, 3, 7, 28 or IM Days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 ❌ No CAT
Choosing GEE Correlation aka. Repeated Measures: ind = Independence, exc = exchangeable, ar1 = Autoregressive Order 1, sta1 = Stationary m-dependent (m=1), uns = Unstructured
Marginal Model-Based Correlation Structures in GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations) Marginal models (via GEE) assume correlated...
Multinomial vs Ordinal Logistic Regression [mlogit & ologit]: Choosing the Right Model for Categorical Outcomes
Introduction Categorical outcomes are ubiquitous in clinical, epidemiological, and social science research. When these outcomes span more...
Ordinal Logistic Regression: Modeling Ranked Outcomes with the Proportional Odds Framework
Introduction In clinical and epidemiological research, outcome variables are often more nuanced than binary distinctions of success or...
Polynomial logistic regression in Clinical Research: Modeling Multiple Unordered Outcomes
Then One predictor, one outcome. crude association Now, Multiple predictors, one outcome. adjusted association Introduction Multinomial...
How to Choose the Right Correlation-Corrected Statistic: Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback)
📊 Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback) Rank Model Description 🥇 1 Conditional Model — Multi-level — Random Effect...
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum): Diagnosis, Treatment, and STI Counseling
👤 Patient Case: A 23-year-old male presents with mucoid urethral discharge and mild dysuria for 4 days. He denies systemic symptoms....
Gonococcal Urethritis Case (Gonorrhea, หนองในแท้): Diagnosis and Outpatient Management
👤 Patient Scenario A 24-year-old male presents to the OPD with purulent urethral discharge and burning micturition for 2 days. He...
Choosing the Right Model for Correlated Data: A Step-by-Step Guide [Repeated Measures, Multilevel Modeling, Mixed Effects, GEE Model, Random Effects, Robust SE, Longitudinal Data, Clustered Data]
STEP 1: 🔍 Describe Your Data Structure Ask: Are measurements repeated over time on the same subject? Are observations nested in groups...
Mallet Finger: Diagnosis, Splinting, and Surgical Indications
🧠 What is Mallet Finger? Mallet finger, also known as baseball finger , is the disruption of the terminal extensor tendon at the distal...
Mallet Thumb: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
✋ What is Mallet Thumb? Mallet thumb is the terminal extensor tendon injury of the thumb at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. It’s...
Stata Interaction Syntax: When to Use # vs ## in Clinical Models
🔍 Why This Matters Clinical models are often multifactorial : Repeated measurements (e.g., over time) Group allocations (e.g.,...
Covariate, Cofactor, or Confounder? How to Model Each in a DAG for Causal Clarity
🔍 Why This Topic Matters In clinical research, we often throw around terms like “covariates,” “cofactors,” and “confounders” as if...
Nested Case-Control Studies: Efficient Cohort Sampling for Observational Research
Introduction In observational epidemiology, efficiency often determines feasibility. While traditional cohort studies track entire...
Conditional Logistic Regression in Matched Case-Control Studies: Principles, Application, and Pitfalls
Introduction In clinical research, particularly in observational studies like case-control designs, researchers often employ matching to...