Multinomial vs Ordinal Logistic Regression [mlogit & ologit]: Choosing the Right Model for Categorical Outcomes
Introduction Categorical outcomes are ubiquitous in clinical, epidemiological, and social science research. When these outcomes span more...
Ordinal Logistic Regression: Modeling Ranked Outcomes with the Proportional Odds Framework
Introduction In clinical and epidemiological research, outcome variables are often more nuanced than binary distinctions of success or...
Polynomial logistic regression in Clinical Research: Modeling Multiple Unordered Outcomes
Then One predictor, one outcome. crude association Now, Multiple predictors, one outcome. adjusted association Introduction Multinomial...
How to Choose the Right Correlation-Corrected Statistic: Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback)
📊 Model Hierarchy for Repeated Measures (Best → Fallback) Rank Model Description 🥇 1 Conditional Model — Multi-level — Random Effect...
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum): Diagnosis, Treatment, and STI Counseling
👤 Patient Case: A 23-year-old male presents with mucoid urethral discharge and mild dysuria for 4 days. He denies systemic symptoms....
Gonococcal Urethritis Case (Gonorrhea, หนองในแท้): Diagnosis and Outpatient Management
👤 Patient Scenario A 24-year-old male presents to the OPD with purulent urethral discharge and burning micturition for 2 days. He...
Choosing the Right Model for Correlated Data: A Step-by-Step Guide [Repeated Measures, Multilevel Modeling, Mixed Effects, GEE Model, Random Effects, Robust SE, Longitudinal Data, Clustered Data]
STEP 1: 🔍 Describe Your Data Structure Ask: Are measurements repeated over time on the same subject? Are observations nested in groups...
Mallet Finger: Diagnosis, Splinting, and Surgical Indications
🧠 What is Mallet Finger? Mallet finger, also known as baseball finger , is the disruption of the terminal extensor tendon at the distal...
Mallet Thumb: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
✋ What is Mallet Thumb? Mallet thumb is the terminal extensor tendon injury of the thumb at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. It’s...
Stata Interaction Syntax: When to Use # vs ## in Clinical Models
🔍 Why This Matters Clinical models are often multifactorial : Repeated measurements (e.g., over time) Group allocations (e.g.,...
Covariate, Cofactor, or Confounder? How to Model Each in a DAG for Causal Clarity
🔍 Why This Topic Matters In clinical research, we often throw around terms like “covariates,” “cofactors,” and “confounders” as if...
Nested Case-Control Studies: Efficient Cohort Sampling for Observational Research
Introduction In observational epidemiology, efficiency often determines feasibility. While traditional cohort studies track entire...
Conditional Logistic Regression in Matched Case-Control Studies: Principles, Application, and Pitfalls
Introduction In clinical research, particularly in observational studies like case-control designs, researchers often employ matching to...
Choosing the Right Modeling Strategy: Explanatory, Exploratory, and Predictive Approaches in Clinical Research
Table: Modeling Strategies in Clinical Research Dimension Explanatory Model Exploratory Model Predictive Model Primary Purpose Test a...
Clinical Guide to the Screening and Management of Dyslipidemia (Thai Guidelines 2024)
Introduction Dyslipidemia remains a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity and...
Logistic Regression in Clinical Research: Theory, Application, and Interpretation
Introduction Logistic regression is one of the most frequently applied analytical tools in clinical epidemiology and health data science....
Understanding Odds and Odds Ratios in Clinical Epidemiology
Introduction In clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, the concept of "odds" frequently arises in the analysis of binary outcomes,...
IPTW (Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting) Made Easy: How to Rebalance Observational Data Like a Randomized Trial
In the real world, doctors don’t flip a coin to assign treatments. So when we try to compare outcomes between treated and untreated...
From Chaos to Causal Clarity: Balancing Scores and Propensity Scores Explained Simply
Introduction: Why This Matters Imagine you're trying to compare two treatments, but your patients weren't randomized. You're worried that...
Three Tools to Estimate Causal Effects Without a Trial: Model-Based, Standardisation, and Matching
Imagine you're a clinician-researcher trying to answer a deceptively simple question: “Do apples help lower blood pressure?” You can’t...
Conditional vs. Marginal Odds Ratios: Why Your Logistic Regression May Be Lying to You
👩⚕️ The Situation You’re analyzing your study: Did Drug A reduce the risk of infection compared to Drug B? You run a logistic...
Causal Thinking in Observational Studies: Matching, Propensity Scores, and IPTW Explained
When we want to know if a treatment truly causes a better outcome—especially in observational studies—we need more than just statistics....
