Category Drug Dose & Route Frequency Duration Notes Topical steroid (first-line) Hydrocortisone 1% cream Thin layer over lesion bid 5–7...

Antifungal Regimens for Onychomycosis Drug Fingernails Toenails Notes Terbinafine 250 mg PO once daily × 6 weeks 250 mg PO once daily ×...

Literature Review – No strict system; risk of bias – It is informal, narrative, and selective – Purpose: to show what’s known, critique,...

Diagnosis (Lesion Characteristics) 🟢 Tinea corporis (ringworm of body) Annular (“ring-shaped”) lesion  with erythematous, scaly, raised...

1. Grading (Goligher’s Classification) Grade I : Bleeding, no prolapse. Grade II : Prolapse with defecation, reduces spontaneously. Grade...

✅ Setting OPD (Outpatient)  if lesion is small, pain tolerable, no complications. IPD (Inpatient)  only if severe pain, large thrombosis,...

Introduction Have you ever chatted with an AI and wondered how it works? One moment it's adopting a new personality, the next it's...

🔎 Introduction Zoon’s balanitis , also known as plasma cell balanitis , is a chronic, benign inflammatory condition of the glans penis,...

Introduction: Why Deduplication Matters Systematic reviews live or die by rigor—and that starts with your reference list. If duplicate...

GLM Family Y: Data Type Link Function / Model Effect Measure Gaussian Continuous (e.g., BP, cholesterol) Linear regression Mean...

Strategy Core Logic Maintains Randomization? Bias Profile Best Use Case Intention-to-Treat (ITT) Analyze everyone as randomized ,...

Introduction Immortal time bias  arises when a period of time during which an individual must survive  (i.e., cannot experience the...

🎯 WHY VALIDATION? When building a Clinical Prediction Model (CPM) , the biggest trap is overestimating its true performance . This...

Evaluating a prediction model requires more than assessing discrimination. Calibration and clinical usefulness determine whether a model is both statistically trustworthy  and clinically actionable . This article explores: Calibration Intercept Calibration Slope Mechanistic Interpretation (e.g., overprediction) Calibration Plot Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) 🧭 1. Calibration Intercept: Is the Average Prediction Biased? Definition:  The calibration intercept  compares the aver

Introduction Clinical prediction models (CPMs)—whether prognostic or diagnostic—must be rigorously appraised before implementation in...

🎯 Context: DEPTh Classification = Etiologic (Causal) Challenge Both designs ask: Does exposure X cause outcome Y? But their logic...

What Is Prognostic Research? Prognostic research aims to understand what is likely to happen  to a patient after diagnosis . Unlike...

Cross-Sectional Nature of Diagnostic Research Diagnostic accuracy research is cross-sectional by nature  — predictors (index test) and...

🔍 Definition: What Is a Systematic Search? A systematic search  is a methodologically rigorous, comprehensive, and transparent process...

1. Acute Pancreatitis: Why IV Hydration Is Essential Pathophysiology Acute pancreatic inflammation → release of inflammatory mediators  →...

I. Acute Pancreatitis 1. Diagnosis Based on Revised Atlanta Criteria (2012)  — diagnosis requires ≥2 of 3 : Typical abdominal pain :...

Bias Type Dimension Explanation Selection Bias External Validity Evaluate inclusion/exclusion criteria —do they represent the target...

1. Introduction Modern applications need to run reliably across different environments: laptops, servers, or cloud platforms. This is...

Abstract Peripheral and cranial nerve injuries may paradoxically lead not only to functional deficits but also to aberrant reinnervation....