Primary indications for When to start antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
Seizures are a common neurological condition, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) play a critical role in the prevention of further episodes....
Management: 7.5% NaHCO3 50ml IV push of Metabolic Acidosis with Low Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Introduction to Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic acidosis is a critical condition characterized by an increase in the concentration of...
Pneumothorax: Pathology, Types, and Clinical Management
Pathology & Causes Pneumothorax refers to the abnormal collection of air in the pleural cavity, the space between the lung and the chest...
Talc Pleurodesis: Indications, Procedures, and Comparative Treatment Approaches
Introduction to Talc Pleurodesis Talc pleurodesis is a medical procedure designed to obliterate the pleural space by inducing...
The Role of WBC Casts (Eosinophils) in Urine from Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) patient
WBC casts are pathognomonic for inflammatory processes within the renal tubules , indicating an ongoing active inflammation in the renal...
Distinguishing Between Bacterial Colonization and True Infection in Urinary and Respiratory Systems: Urine Culture, Urine Gram (UG) and Sputum Culture, Sputum Gram
In clinical practice, differentiating between bacterial colonization and true infection is critical for avoiding unnecessary antibiotic...
Approach to Dyspnea
Comprehensive Approach to Dyspnea Dyspnea, or difficulty in breathing, is a multifactorial symptom that can be caused by various...
Clinical Conditions Associated with MAHA Blood picture: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP), Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), and HELLP Syndrome
A table recapping the clinical conditions associated with MAHA: Feature Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Hemolytic Uremic...
Systematic Approach to Chest Pain
Introduction Chest pain is a common and multifactorial symptom with potential causes ranging from benign to life-threatening. This...
Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome
Introduction Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome (DDS) is a rare but serious complication primarily associated with hemodialysis. It...
The Importance of Potassium in Cardiovascular Health, especially those with severe conditions like triple vessel disease (3VD) or coronary artery disease (CAD): Why We Are So Concerned About K⁺ Levels
Potassium (K⁺) is an essential electrolyte that plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular function, particularly in the...
Acute AST and ALT Elevation: Acute Liver Failure
A summary table: Cause AST/ALT Pattern Associated Features Management Hepatitis Flare (Viral/Autoimmune) ALT > AST Jaundice, fatigue,...
Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault Equation)
The Cockcroft-Gault equation is a widely used method for estimating kidney function by calculating the creatinine clearance (CrCl). It...
Understanding Troponin and How to Order a Troponin Series (High-Sensitivity Troponin I)
A table that recaps how to order a Troponin series and other relevant investigations for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI) or ruling...
Corticosteroid Use in Pneumonia and Lung Injury
Corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone, play a pivotal role in the management of severe pneumonia and...
Disulfiram (Antabuse) and Alcohol: Clinical Presentation and Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Action: Disulfiram is a drug primarily used in the management of chronic alcoholism. It operates as an irreversible...
Indications and Duration of Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy (IV ATB) that can't change to Oral Antibiotic: Bacterial Meningitis, Febrile Neutropenia, and Infective Endocarditis (IE)
Table: Summary of Key Conditions Requiring IV Antibiotics Condition Indication Common IV Antibiotics Duration Bacterial Meningitis IV...
What are the causes of a score drop in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
A summary table of the causes of a drop in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), categorized by intracranial and extracranial causes for easy...
Step-by-Step of Bone Reduction (Orthopedic Reduction)
A table summarizing the steps of Orthopedic Reduction with brief explanations for each step: Step Objective Key Techniques Key...
Swimmer's Shoulder (Impingement Syndrome)
Introduction: Swimmer's shoulder, a term commonly used to describe shoulder impingement syndrome in swimmers, is a prevalent condition...
Plantar Fasciitis โรคเอ็นฝ่าเท้าอักเสบ (รองช้ำ)
Plantar Fasciitis is a prevalent cause of heel pain, particularly in active populations and middle-aged adults. The condition results...